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Throughout northern Europe, thousands of burial mounds were erected in the third millennium BCE. Starting in the Corded Ware culture, individual people were being buried underneath these mounds, often equipped with an almost rigid set of grave goods. This practice continued in the second half of the third millennium BCE with the start of the Bell Beaker phenomenon. In large parts of Europe, a "typical' set of objects was placed in graves, known as the "Bell Beaker package'.This book focusses on the significance and meaning of these Late Neolithic graves. Why were people buried in a seemingly standardized manner, what did this signify and what does this reveal about these individuals, their role in society, their cultural identity and the people that buried them?By performing in-depth analyses of all the individual grave goods from Dutch graves, which includes use-wear analysis and experiments, the biography of grave goods is explored. How were they made, used and discarded? Subsequently the nature of these graves themselves are explored as contexts of deposition, and how these are part of a much wider "sacrificial landscape'.A novel and comprehensive interpretation is presented that shows how the objects from graves were connected with travel, drinking ceremonies and maintaining long-distance relationships.Contents:1 Introduction. The problem of typical Late Neolithic grave sets and the lack thereof1.1 Introduction1.2 Beakers and burials1.3 The rise of chiefdoms1.4 Problems of interpreting standardized sets as expressions of individual status1.5 Late Neolithic graves from the Netherlands1.6 Research questions1.7 Methodology and dataset1.7.1 Data collection1.7.2 Functional analysis1.8 Outline of the thesis2 Presentation and perception2.1 Introduction2.2 The presentation of self2.3 Us and them2.4 The cultural biography of grave goods2.5 Concluding remarks3 The Age of Beakers3.1 Introduction3.2 Late Neolithic A: The rise of Corded Ware3.2.1 Secondary products revolution3.2.2 The Dutch Corded Ware Culture in context3.2.3 All Over Ornamented beakers: The rise of Bell Beaker or the demise of Corded Ware?3.4 Late Neolithic B: Bell beakers on the horizon3.4.1 Bell beakers in context3.6 Typochronology3.7 Concluding remarks4 The Life of Beakers4.1 Introduction4.1.1 Late Neolithic A beakers in graves4.1.2 Late Neolithic B beakers in graves4.2 The production of beakers4.2.1 Late Neolithic A Beakers4.2.2 Experiments with wraps and cord-impressions4.2.3 Late Neolithic B Beakers4.2.4 Conclusions4.3 Decoration of beakers4.3.1 Late Neolithic motifs4.3.2 International style beakers: CW-, AOO- and maritime bell beakers4.3.3 Local style beakers: Dutch North-East-group versus Veluvian bell beakers4.3.4 Conclusions4.4 Decoration found on other forms of material culture4.5 The "ugly ducklings'4.6 The use life of beakers4.6.1 Late Neolithic A use life4.6.2 Late Neolithic B use life4.6.3 Conclusions4.7 Placement in the grave4.7.1 Late Neolithic A Placement in the grave4.7.2 Late Neolithic B Placement in the grave4.7.3 Conclusions4.8 Beer and beakers4.9 Concluding remarks5 The life of Late Neolithic A grave goods5.1 Introduction5.2 Flint blades and daggers: Introduction5.3 Northern flint blades5.3.1 Production and origins from afar5.3.2 A life of circulation5.3.3 Placement in the grave5.4 French daggers5.4.1 Origins from afar5.4.2 Production5.4.3 Use life, and the origin of wear traces5.4.4 Placement in the grave5.4.5 Blades from afar5.5 Axes5.5.1 Local production and objects from afar5.5.2 A useful life5.5.3 Two axes, one toolkit?5.5.4 Placement in graves5.5.5 The role of axes in the Late Neolithic5.6 Battle axes5.6.1 Production5.6.2 History of speculation, lives of use5.6.3 Experiments5.6.4 Battle axes for clearing the land5.6.5 Placement in graves5.7 Flakes, beads, arrowheads and other grave finds5.7.1 Flint flakes5.7.2 Arrowheads5.7.3 Amber beads5.7.4 Other grave finds5.8 Concluding remarks6 The Life of Late Neolithic B grave goods6.1 Introduction6.2 Flakes and blades6.2.1 Production6.2.2 Use life6.2.3 Placement and arrangement in graves6.3 Archery equipment6.3.1 Flint arrowheads6.3.2 Wristguards: bracers or bracelets?6.3.3 Arrow shaft smoothers6.3.4 Archery, do it in style!6.4 Amber ornaments: beads, buttons and pendants6.4.1 The origins of amber6.4.2 Production6.4.3 Wear and tear6.4.4 Type of wear and location in the grave6.4.5 Ornaments to be seen6.5 Metalwork and metalworking6.5.1 The origins of copper6.5.2 Copper daggers6.5.3 Copper ornaments and awls6.5.4 Bell Beaker gold6.5.5 Cushion stones6.6 Axes, daggers, strike-a-lights and other grave finds6.6.1 Battle axes6.6.2 Flint and stone axes6.6.3 Flint daggers6.6.4 Strike-a-lights6.6.5 Other grave goods6.7 Concluding remarks7 Late Neolithic graves. Nothing new under the sun7.1 Introduction7.2 Pits, beehives, coffins and burial chambers7.3 The orientation of bodies7.4 The sky is the limit7.5 Those outside the range7.6 Concluding remarks8 Grave sets and object categories8.1 Introduction8.2 Categorizing apples and oranges8.3 East versus west; left versus right8.4 Status and prestige: standing out or blending in?8.5 Negotiating the grave set8.6 Conclusion9 The presentation of self in the Late Neolithic9.1 Introduction9.2 Presenting the self in the Late Neolithic A9.3 Presenting the self in the Late Neolithic B9.4 Being Bell Beaker9.4.1 Increased social interaction9.4.2 The differences that remain9.5 Conclusion10 The traveller10.1 Introduction10.2 The world of wandering10.3 Have a drink10.4 Guests and hosts10.5 Souvenirs and passports10.6 Conclusions11 Time travelReferencesAppendicesDutch summaryAcknowledgements
